The reverse also may be possible – these forms of cognition might boil down in their fundamental elements to a single form of cognition expressible formally, for example as Turing Machine instructions. We don’t even know if they can be formalized into algorithms! It’s possible – though by no means proven – that they might lie outside what Turing Machines can do. We simply don’t understand the other modes of cognition well enough to formalize them into algorithms. Yet all forms of AI currently in practical use – neural nets, decision trees, etc. Every form of cognition seems to fall into one of these categories. I don’t claim this list is exclusive, but I can’t think of any others. Humans are so good at pattern recognition we often find patterns that don’t even exist!

The classic “which of these doesn’t belong?”.

We visualize shapes and interactions in our minds without having to see from every angle or test every combination.

Bigger, smaller, inside, outside, etc.

Without causal understanding, this would require far more trials to learn.

Cause and effect: an infant learns in only a handful of trials that something he drops will hit the floor.

Logic: how all humans universally know that proof by contrapositive or induction is compelling.

I can think of 4 modes of human cognition:

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